HSC 4969 - Honors Seminar

This resource was designed to support students research needs for HSC 4969.

Types of Sources

Source describes from where information comes. Most of the resources you find will fall into three different types of sources:

  • Primary Sources
  • Secondary Sources
  • Tertiary Sources

Primary Sources are a single piece of original research, a report of a new discovery, or fresh information. 

Examples include:

  • case reports
  • studies and clinical trials
  • evaluation of a service
  • firsthand explanation of a program

Why you might use a primary source:

  • direct quoting innovative studies not yet covered by secondary literature
  • referencing validated survey instruments
  • referencing a single article

Secondary Sources cite primary sources and seek to comment on, explain through comparison, or summarize those primary sources.

Examples include:

  • Review articles
  • systematic reviews
  • meta-analyses

Why you might use a secondary source:

  • comparing or contrasting articles
  • arguing with stronger, corroborated evidence
  • referencing commentary

Tertiary Sources cite primary and secondary sources and are more about presenting background information on a concept or compiling best practices from the evidence.

Examples include:

  • clinical guidelines
  • textbooks
  • fact books
  • UpToDate

Why you might choose a tertiary source:

  • stating a known fact
  • explaining accepted best practice

 

Critical Appraisal Checklists

Critical appraisal allows you to objectively and systematically evaluate the quality of scientific research to determine its relevance, trustworthiness, and value. Critical appraisal checklists can help you assess the methodology of a study and the analysis of its data. 

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