SSTP and Other Library Special Borrowers

What type of article are you looking for or looking at?

These categories are not rigid and some of them overlap.  Here are some characteristics to help identify the article type:

Open Access (OA)

• Publications that are free to read and do not require a subscription to access. Gold OA is the publisher's final version; Green OA is when an author shares an earlier version. Read more about Open Access here.

Research articles:

• typically published in a journal
• highly likely to have been peer reviewed
• structured like lab reports, with sections for:  the abstract or summary of the project, introduction and literature review, hypothesis or experimental question, method or procedure used, results and data gathered,  the analysis or interpretation of the data, and conclusions.
• serve as the primary report of research. They are used by practitioners as a theoretical base for application of the information.
• contain highly technical language for an experienced or educated audience
• not every article in a peer reviewed journal is peer reviewed.  Many academic or research journals also include editorials, opinions, comments, conference summaries, and book reviews that are not peer reviewed.

Peer reviewed (or Refereed) articles:

• articles that have been evaluated and critiqued by experts and revised in response, by the author(s) 
• peer review is traditionally conducted anonymously by scholars external to the author's institution.  In "double blind peer review" the authors names are also concealed from reviewers. In "open peer review," the identities of authors and reviewers are not confidential and peer reviewers' comments are available to the public.
• identified by the journal's editorial policies. Dates of submission of the manuscript draft, revision(s) by the author(s), and acceptance by the publisher are often included in the official publication, the "version of record"

PrePrint articles:

• a version of a research article that is shared on a public repository prior to peer review
• part of the scholarly record; each version may be assigned a doi (digital object identifier)
• preprint repositories should link to the publishers' version-of-record when an article is formally published after peer review

Review articles:

• summarize published literature about a topic, providing historical context for current research
• may identify trends, replication of results, and hypotheses that need further research and testing
• newer types of review articles (e.g. systematic review, scoping review, meta-analysis) use transparent and reproducible methods as part of the evidence-based synthesis

Conference papers:

• may present "works in progress" 
• In some cases the paper may be peer-reviewed, and sometimes only the abstract is peer-reviewed.  Conference papers might be published in conference proceedings, or the authors may wait to publish the complete version of the article in a peer-reviewed journal.

Technical reports: (not peer reviewed)

• are structured like case studies: or "how I solved this problem."
• They serve as a project report to the funding source, which may be a federal, state, or local government agency.  Tech reports are not always available; they may be kept proprietary, especially if client is a non-governmental corporation.

Trade publication articles: (not peer reviewed)

•  frequently published in magazines or journals
•  written for practitioners
• They are structured informally, and they may contain lots of advertising and short news items providing up-to-date information about products, meetings and research.  Articles are brief and usually do not have references at the end.

Popular articles: (not peer reviewed)

• published in magazines and and other news sources intended for non-specialist audiences
• typically do not contain original research results

Websites, press releases, encyclopedia entries:

• use with caution, and evaluate for authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage

Q. What is peer review?

A. For an article to be published in an academic journal, it must be examined by experts in the field. They determine whether the information is reliable, well researched, and of interest to others who study that subject. Click on image for 5 min video explanation of peer review from North Carolina State University.

Q. How can I tell if an article is peer-reviewed?

A. There are several ways to determine if an article is refereed (peer-reviewed). The best way is to read the publisher's policies at the journal website (look for Peer Review or Editorial Policy, Submission or Author Guidelines). Ulrich's Global Serials Directory also indicates whether a journal is refereed/peer-reviewed. Beware that peer-reviewed journals also include content that is not peer reviewed, such as letters and book reviews. A peer-reviewed article will usually show a string of dates, usually either near the abstract or at the bottom of the 1st page of the PDF version or at the end of the article, showing when the article was submitted, revised, and accepted.

Databases may offer the ability to filter search results to display only peer-reviewed publications. Search engines, like Google Scholar, includes both peer-reviewed and "grey" literature that is not commercially published and may not be peer reviewed.

Think critically about the resources we are using and citing in our research. This leads to being responsible producers of information. While we may be seeking a peer-reviewed or scholarly information source, it's important to recognize bias and institutionalized oppressions that exist in the publication and dissemination of information. By definition, ACT UP means to act in a way that is different from normal. Use the prompts below to evaluate your information sources and ACT UP to create a more socially just information ecosystem.

A - Author. Who wrote the resource? Who are they? Background information matters.

C - Currency. When was this resource written? When was it published? Does this resource fit into the currency of your topic?

T - Truth. How accurate is this information? Can you verify any of the claims in other sources? Are there typos and spelling mistakes?

U - Unbiased. Is the information presented to sway the audience to a particular point of view? Resources unless otherwise stated should be impartial.

P - Privilege. Check the privilege of the author(s). Are they the only folks who might write or publish on this topic? Who is missing in this conversation? Critically evaluate the subject terms associated with each resource you found. How are they described? What are the inherent biases?

Stahura, Dawn. ACT UP for evaluating sources: Pushing against privilege. College & Research Libraries News, v. 79, n. 10, p. 551, Nov. 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.79.10.551.

Q.   What is a primary source?

A.   Primary documents are the original source materials.

In the sciences, lab data, lab notebooks, and original test protocols are considered primary documents.  Source code and release notes, field observation notes or images are also primary documents. Journal articles are primary or first reports of research. 

Q.   What is a secondary source?

A.   Secondary sources comment, analyze, or otherwise rely on primary sources.

Books, encyclopedias, and news articles are secondary sources because they describe what you will find in the primary sources.

Watch Pyrates: Truth be told for a perspective on primary sources in history!